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1: A selection bias that would threaten the internal validity of an experiment is
A: a large event, such as an earthquake, that happens in the middle of the study
B: anything that decreases the mundane realism of the study
C: any procedure that allows subjects to choose their own experimental conditions
2: A significant positive correlation between the incidence of mental illness and the incidence of divorce among middle class people is likely to mean that
A: people who are mentally ill have difficulty maintaining a successful marriage
B: getting divorced leads to mental illness
C: divorce and mental illness may both be caused by other factors, such as a difficult childhood
D: all of the above may be true
3: A study found that adults who watch more TV as children committed more crimes as adults. The results of this study prove
A: that watching TV as a child causes criminal behavior
B: the criminal tendencies cause people to watch more TV as children
4: In an experiment, random assignment of subjects into experimental conditions means that
A: every subject in the population has an equal opportunity to be included in the experiment
C: the order of the conditions in the experiment is randomly determined
D: the experimenter flips a coin to decide whether a subject is in the experiment or not
5: Hitting one's opponent in a boxing match would most likely be classified as __________ aggression, whereas hitting the judges of the match after an unfavorable decision would be classified as __________ aggression
6: Former hostage Terry Anderson said that the last day of his captivity -- when his release seemed imminent (about to happen) -- seemed longer than the entire length of his captivity. What psychological process could explain this statement?
A: his expectations of being released were raised and so his frustration was increased
B: his expectations of being released were decreased and so his frustration was increased
C: six years of deprivation had built up a lot of frustration in him, culminating in that last day
NOTE: THE CONTENT OF QUESTIONS 7 & 8 WILL NOT BE COVERED ON THE EXAM, THEY ARE JUST GIVEN TO ALLOW YOU EXTRA PRACTICE ANSWERING OUR QUESTIONS
7: Why should you take a date to an amusement park and go on the most exciting roller coaster rides (assuming your date is not extremely afraid of heights and that your date already likes you)?
B: your date's arousal may transfer from the ride to you
C: it's cheaper than a nice dinner
D: you will get to sit together for at least 5 minutes
8: You've just taken your date to the amusement park and ridden on the most exciting roller coaster ride they have. According to the Meyers text, why would it be stupid to bring up a touchy subject about which you and your date may have an argument right after being on the roller coaster?
A: your date may interpret arousal from the ride as increased anger
B: your date will be tired and have little energy to fight with you
C: people who fight in public places are a drag
9: According to the catharsis hypothesis of aggressive behavior,
A: watching violence serves to blow off steam and reduces subsequent aggression over the long term
B: watching violence increases violence because of social learning principles
C: watching violence increases violence because our aggressive instinct is so strong
D: watching violence decreases violence because we see people being punished for aggressive behavior
10: According to Myers, the correlation between aggressive behavior and watching violent TV
11: People who question whether the number of electric shocks administered to an experimental confederate really measures aggressive behavior are questioning the __________ validity of experiments that use this technique.
12: All of the following are items from the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale or similar scales used in studies of aggression EXCEPT
A: in a majority of rapes the victim is promiscuous or has a bad reputation
B: many women do not report rape because they are embarrassed
C: a woman who thinks she is too good to talk to men on the street deserves to be taught a lesson
13: Bandura's social learning theory holds that we will behave aggressively
A: only if we are given a reward for our aggressive behavior
B: if we see someone else rewarded for aggressive behavior
C: only if we are sexually aroused
14: According to lecture, which kind of film produces the most aggressive behavior in laboratory settings?
B: erotic material paired with violence
D: films of people driving on the Beltway
15: You are eating in a restaurant and the waiter brings you the wrong order. According to Aronson, you will dislike the waiter the most if
A: You are upset, but do not complain to the manager or the waiter
B: You complain to the waiter and he brings you the correct order
C: You complain to the manager and he fires the waiter immediately
D: You complain to the manager and he gives the waiter a warning to be more careful in the future
16: According to Darley and Latané, the first two stages of bystander intervention (helping in an emergency) are
A: noticing the emergency and choosing a strategy for action
B: assuming responsibility and choosing a strategy for action
C: noticing the emergency and assuming responsibility to help
D: noticing the emergency and interpreting it as an emergency
17: Which of the following is an example of pure altruism?
A: Removing a woman from a burning building because you are upset by her screams
B: providing for your children to ensure their survival
C: donating $15 million dollars to your university to name a building after yourself
18: According to the text and lecture, under what conditions will a person help in an emergency situation?
A: When the person remains calm and emotionally unaffected by the emergency
B: When the person has some expertise related to the emergency
C: When there are fewer (rather than greater) personal risks to the helper
19: According to lecture, people on a beach were more likely to stop a thief from stealing someone else's radio
A: when they had been asked to watch the radio
B: when they were from small towns instead of big cities
C: if they themselves had a radio
D: when the thief was a different ethnicity from the subject
20: Studies that divide people into two groups find that people favor their own group
A: only if the group they are in has personal meaning to them
B: only if they are made to compete with members of the other group
C: even if the assignment to groups was arbitrary and meaningless
D: only if they are asked to cooperate with members of their own group
21: According to the cognitive approach, what is the principal factor underlying stereotypes, prejudice and intergroup conflict?
A: People's tendency to place objects and people into categories
B: Deep-seated motivational needs and conflicts
C: Competition between two groups for objectively scarce resources
22: Social identity theory is a combination of
A: motivational and social theories of prejudice
B: motivational and cognitive theories of prejudice
C: social and cognitive theories of prejudice
D: psychodynamic and motivational theories of prejudice
23: In the film "A Class Divided," how long did the teacher have to treat the children differently before they reinforced her discriminatory behavior by treating their lifelong friends as though they were inferior?
24: In a rural community in the Midwest, surveys show that most of the community is in favor of integration in the workplace. However, 90% oppose affirmative action policies. There are no African-Americans living or working in this community. The theory that may best explain the community's attitude toward affirmative action is
A: realistic group conflict theory
25: Which of the following is NOT a reason that stereotypes are resistant to change?
A: we only notice evidence that confirms our stereotypes
B: we can elicit behavior consistent with our stereotypes through the self-fulfilling prophecy
C: we can make special categories for group members who don't fit the stereotype
26: According to discussion section, which of the following is NOT an example of symbolic racism?
A: opposition to bilingual eduation
C: opposition to racial segregation
D: opposition to hiring quotas
27: In Ugwuegbu's study of simulated rape trials, white jurors showed the greatest differences in their ratings of black and white defendants when
A: the evidence against the defendant was strong (very convincing evidence)
B: the evidence against the defendant was marginally strong (mixed evidence)
C: the evidence against the defendant was near zero (weak evidence)
D: the defendant was portrayed as coming from a poor background
28: Prejudice is to discrimination as __________ is to __________.
29: Sherif's famous study of group relations in summer camps was undertaken to examine the power of __________ to evoke intergroup hostility.
30: Aronson states that the media plays an important role in sustaining prejudice against minority groups. Which of the following is NOT a reason Aronson gives for the media's role in sustaining prejudice?
A: Television shows are highly segregated
B: Portrayals of nonwhite people are infrequent and unrealistic
D: Interactions between whites and nonwhites happened almost exclusively in the workplace
31) Joe believes that theater majors are intelligent, entertaining people. This is an example of a:
32) Bob meets Karyl for the first time at a party. Before he talks to her, he already knows that he doesnít like her because she is in a sorority. This is an example of:
33) Joanne is interviewing candidates for a job. She ends up with two equal candidates: Billy and Steve. In the end Joanne decides to hire Steve because she knows that he plays softball, and she is the captain of the company softball team. This is an example of:
34) Archie, who is white, is convinced that the Latino family that just moved into his neighborhood will cause problems. His wife points out that the parents are both successful lawyers, and that the children have been very polite to everyone. If Archie has an Authoritarian Personality, he is most likely to:
A. Recognize that he misjudged the Latino family.
B. Stick to his belief that sooner or later the Latino family will cause problems.
C. Become frustrated and aggress against his neighbors.
D. Question his social identity.
35) According to the lecture, Authoritarian personality:
B. Provides a clear way to eliminate discrimination
C. Has no relation to attitudes towards minority groups.
D. Only explains some cases of prejudice.
36) A clothing plant in a small town downsizes and fires a large number of employees. According to Frustration-Aggression theory, the unemployed workers are likely to:
A. Aggress against the owners of the plant
B. Aggress against lower-class residents of the town
C. Attack those who still have jobs
D. Write their congressmen demanding changes in federal subsidies
37) Jose is from a Latino family living in a predominately Latino community in Adams-Morgan. At school he has several African-American friends he spends time with. However, when he is in his own neighborhood, he associates only with other Latinos and actively avoids African-Americans. The theory that best explains this behavior is:
B. Frustration Aggression Theory
38) A few years ago in DC, there was a small riot which was apparently triggered by conflicts between the Latino community and the African American community. Some African-Americans felt that Latino immigrants were taking all of the jobs, and lowering the salaries for everyone by working for smaller wages. This is an example of:
B. Frustration Aggression Theory
39) Professional Athletes often ask for higher salaries complaining that they are not being paid enough. This is hard for the average person to understand because their salaries are already up in the millions. The athletes' perceptions can be seen as an example of:
A. Egoistic Relative Deprivation
D. Frustration Aggression Theory
40) Jim learns that many gay people on campus have been verbally harassed, and in some cases physically attacked. According to the Just World theory, Jim will:
C. Suspect that gay people are using more than their fair share of resources.
D. Attack gays because they threaten his own social identity.
41) Sharon organizes a chess club at her high school. Soon she finds that other clubs in the school make fun of the chess club. According to Social Identity Theory Sharon will:
A. Ignore the insults because the people in the other clubs are too dissimilar
B. Enjoy the negative attention
C. Make fun of the other groups for not being as smart as the chess group
42. Joan is just about to print out her Social Psychology paper when her roommate, Sarah, staggers in with a sprained ankle and trips over the power cord for the computer, pulling it from the outlet. According to the modified Frustration-Aggression theory, Joan would most likely:
a. Scream at her roommate and insult her for her clumsiness.
b. Become very angry at her roommate.
c. Be upset and irritated but not angry .
d.
Joan's reaction would depend on previous rewards and punishments
43. Billy walks up to a younger child and takes away his Power Ranger action figure. When the younger child resists, Billy punches him. Billy's mother yells at him and makes him give the toy back. A third child, Tommy, sees the whole thing. Which of the following is true?
a. Tommy would be less likely to take toys from other children in the future.
b. Tommy will be more likely to take toys from other children in the future.
c. Tommy will displace his frustration by hitting his sister.
d.
Tommy will be more likely to watch Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in the
future.
44. Fred is worried about fights starting in his restaurant. The best way for him to prevent this is:
a. Displaying a large sign with a picture of a gun saying "Protected by Smith and Wesson"
b. Serve free alcoholic drinks to keep people relaxed
45. Dr. Quinn is on the surgical staff of a prominent hospital. She is most likely to be satisfied with her salary if:
b. She earns barely enough to get by, but all the other staff members are paid the same or less.
46. After a frustrating day at work, Mark likes to go to Hockey games. "There's nothing like a good brawl on ice to help me unwind," he says. After watching a particularly violent game, Mark is likely to be:
a. More aroused and aggressive.
c. More upset when he sees fights in future games.
d.
Less likely to kick his dog when he goes home.
47. You have just crashed your father's car. You have a choice of when you will inform him. Knowing his volatile temper, the worst time to tell him would be:
a. When he has just finished his morning workout.
c. When he's reading the newspaper.
d.
Right after he has finished a large meal.
48. Laura is against child abuse of any kind and never uses physical punishment with her children. But after seeing her sister spank her child for misbehaving, Laura begins to think that a little physical punishment might help make her children more obedient. This is an example of
49. Alice is very in favor of mandatory minimum sentencing. In her opinion, some people are just evil and there's nothing you can do but lock them up. Alice's views fit best with-
b. Frustration-Aggression Theory
c. Modified-Frustration Aggression Theory
50. The potential threat to validity posed by experimenter expectancy effects can be reduced by
a. external; the experimenter being unaware of participants' assignment to experimental condition
b. internal; random assignment
c. external; using a more representative sample of subjects
d.
internal; manipulating X and measuring Y
51. Subjects in an experiment testing the effects of drug X on memory were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: half received drug X (experimental condition) while the other half received a sugar pill (control condition). It was found that subjects in the experimental condition performed better on a subsequent memory task than subjects in the control condition. Which of the following conclusions is correct?
52. Which of the following threats to validity does random assignment reduce?
53. Media coverage of ex-mental patients who commit violent crimes usually discusses the history of mental illness along with the crime story. Despite the fact most mentally ill are not violent, and that there are sometimes positive media coverage of the accomplishments of mentally ill people, many people think that the mentally ill are violent. This perception may be due to ....
d.
the ultimate attribution error
54. Recently James, an amateur artist, attended a panel discussion on modern art. The panel included four women and four men. During the reception that followed, James attempted to discuss the major points made by each panelist with other individual panelist. He embarrassed himself, however, by attributing comments to the wrong panelist on several occasions. Based on research discussed in the text and the lecture, what type of errors was James most likely to make?
a. fundamental attribution errors
d. ultimate attribution errors
55. Paula, a reporter for the campus paper, was doing a story on college attitudes toward affirmative action. Although she surveyed many students individually to get the range of opinion for students on her own campus, she simply interviewed SGA leaders on two other campuses. She thought it would be sufficient to ask only a few students at the nearby college to infer the general attitudes of the student population. This behavior may be the product of
a. the outgroup homogeneity effect
d.
the ultimate attribution error
56. If strongest anti-black prejudice in a community is among Whites who are closest to Blacks on the socioeconomic ladder, and who are competing for the same jobs, then anti-black prejudice in that community can best be explained by...
57. Which of the following is not a factor required for intergroup contact to reduce prejudice
58. Mary, a student in Jim's PSYC 221 class, asks him for the notes for the past two weeks. Since the class has moved to 9:00 a.m., she explains she is often too tired to come to class. According to the social-responsibility theory, Jim will most likely:
b. give her the notes and offer the notes from future lectures
c. refuse to give her the notes.
d.
give her the notes only if she gives him something in return.
59. According to the Myers text, which is most likely to decrease human intervention in an emergency?
c. a sense of personal responsibility to assist
d.
if the victim is a stranger
60. How would the overjustification effect affect altruism?
a. it would give the helper more incentive to be altruistic.
b. it would decrease the feeling of intrinsic motivation to help
c. it would cause the helper to feel there was not enough extrinsic motivation to help
d.
the helper would expect both internal and external rewards
61. Jane breaks her leg on a crowded city street. Compared to a quiet rural setting, what are the bystanders more likely do?
a. notice the incident and act accordingly, but not help
b. fall to interpret the incident as needing attention
c. ask another bystander to assume responsibility for the incident.
d. assume personal responsibility out of empathy
62) You don't know very many people with visible tattoos, but you happen to observe that when fights break out, they seem to involve people with tattoos. You draw the conclusion that there must be an association between having tattoos and being prone to aggression. This conclusion reflects a(n)
63) According to social identity theory, in-group bias is
a. a conscious product of information processing
b. motivated by the desire to enhance self-esteem
c. a result of the need to perceive the world accurately
d. more
likely in people who are "cognitive misers"
64) "You reap what you sow." Blaming the innocent victim of rape, abuse, or other misfortunes is most closely related to
65) The belief in a just world is a ___________, which helps people __________
a. ultimate attribution error **.. excuse their failures
b. fundamental attribution error **.. explain away their failures
c. defensive attribution **.. view life as safe, orderly, and predictable
d. unrealistic
optimism .**.. protect their self-esteem
66) In Schachter's experiment on anxiety and affiliation, Schachter manipulated level of anxiety through the use of various instructions and settings. Anxiety in Schachter's experiment was the
67) The dependent variable is "dependent" in the sense that
a. its values determine the values of the independent variable
b. its values depend mainly on the objectivity of the observer
c. its values are assumed to depend on the values of the independent variable
d. its values
change from one experiment to another
68) If we can be sure that the changes in behavior that occurred across the
treatment conditions of our experiment were actually caused by our
independent variable, our experiment
69) The question of how well the result of study generalize to other contexts
is most closely associated with?
70) Multiple measures of the same variables (e.g., observation, paper and
pencil test, interview, etc.) are used primarily to improve:
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